4. Calculation external exposure

Background
Exposure concentrations do not always need to be measured directly. Sometimes a calculation method yields much faster a correct estimate of the risk. In recent years, especiallyunder the influence of REACH, quite a number of models have been put on the market. Unfortunately the validation of these models usually has not been performed before theirrelease on the market, but afterwards. Therefore it is important that you know the background of the model and its terms of use, when you are modeling. The European context ofmodeling is described in the Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment (2nd Ed. 2003) and also in the REACH guidance Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment it is described how models may be useful in risk assessments.

Legislation

Standards

Documentation

Positioning of the exposure modeling within NBN EN 689:1995

  • Identification of exposure
  • Workplace factors
  • Exposure investigation
    • Initial / basis
    • Global / qualitative – semi-quantitative
      • Qualitative and semi-quantitative risk scores
      • Earlier measurements including biomonitoring
      • Measurements in comparable installations or processes (sector approach)
      • Reliable estimates

 

Summary table of some modeling tools

 

Theoretical, REACH
Conceptual * / **

INHALATORY

DERMAL

ORAL

To

based on

validated

References

EASE

Mech, T1

X

X

 

gas, vapor, liquid, solid (dust and fibers)

 

Yes

Tickner et al, 2005

ECETOC-TRA

Mech, T1

X

X

X

chemical substances within the framework of REACH

EASE, ConsExpo

http://www.eteam-project.eu/

ECETOC, Money et al., 2007

Stoffenmanager

Mech, T1 * / **

X

X

 

vapor, liquid low volatility, dust

STEAMBASE

Yes

Marquart et al., 2008, Schinkel et al., 2010

ART

Emp, Mech, T2 **

X

   

vapor, mist, dust, smoke (not for gas and fibers)

 

Yes

Tielemans et al., 2011

EMKG-EXPO-TOOL

Mech, T1

X

   

liquid, solid

COSHH

http://www.eteam-project.eu/

EMKG

MEASE

Mech, T2

X

X

 

metals and inorganic substances

EASE, ECETOC TRA

http://www.eteam-project.eu/

EBRC

RISKOFDERM

Mech, T1 *

 

X

 

Chemical substances on the work place

 

Yes but…

Schneider et al., 1999, Oppl et al., 2003

DREAM

Mech, T1 *

 

X

 

Chemical substances on the work place

 

Yes but…

Van Wendel de Joode et al, 2003, Schneider et al., 1999

EASCIHMOD

Mech, T2

X

         

AIHA EASC

EASCIHSkinPerm

Mech, T2

 

X

       

AIHA EASC,

ChemSTEER

Mech

X

X

 

chemicals during manufacturing etc

 

by EPA herself

US EPA

EUSES

Emp, Mech, T1, T2

X

X

 

industrial chemicals and biocides

TGD, ConsExpo, EASE (don’t use)

no

RIVM (EU)

BEAT

Emp, Mech, T2 *

 

X

 

biocides in agriculture

 

no

Philips et al., 2001, Schneider et al., 1999

ConsExpo

Emp, Mech, T2 *

X

X

x

non-food consumer stuff, biocides

 

no

RIVM

SprayExpo

Mech, T2

X

X

 

biocides in agriculture

 

?

BAuA

LasrookAssistent

T3

X

   

welding fume

 

yes

IRAS